Lower-cost alternative protein source for pig diets

Threonine is an indispensable amino acid, which is often provided in supplement form in swine diets. With US production of crystalline amino acids increasing, more co-products from amino acid production are becoming available, and these co-products can also be fed to pigs.

Rich in amino acids

“To create synthetic threonine, you ferment a carbohydrate substrate using selected strains of bacteria, then extract the crystalline L-threonine from the fermentation product,” said Hans H. Stein, a professor of animal sciences at U of I. “The biomass that’s left over, even though most of the threonine has been extracted, is still rich in amino acids. If those amino acids are well digested by pigs, this could be a good source of protein.”

Stein and his fellow researchers conducted two experiments comparing threonine biomass with fish meal. In the first experiment, they determined the concentration and digestibility of protein and amino acids in both ingredients. Threonine biomass contained 81.8% crude protein on an as-fed basis, compared with 65.6% crude protein in fish meal. The standardised ileal digestibility was greater in threonine biomass than in fish meal for crude protein, as well as for all indispensable amino acids except tryptophan. Overall, the average digestibility of amino acids in threonine biomass was 83.5%, compared with 72.3% for fish meal.

25% more digestible and metabolisable energy

In the second experiment, Stein’s team determined that threonine biomass contained about 25% more digestible and metabolisable energy than fish meal. On a dry matter basis, threonine biomass contained 4,935 kcal/kg of digestible energy and 4,335 kcal/kg of metabolisable energy, versus 3,957 and 3,508 kcal/kg respectively in fish meal.

“The results from these studies indicate that threonine biomass can be used as an alternative to fish meal, and possibly other animal proteins, in diets for weanling pigs,” Stein said.

The study, “Amino acid digestibility and concentration of digestible and metabolisable energy in a threonine biomass product fed to weanling pigs,” was co-authored by Ferdinando Almeida and Rommel Sulabo. The study was funded by Archer Daniels Midland Co., Decatur, Ill., and was published in a recent volume of the Journal of Animal Science. It is available online with a subscription.