Improving broiler meat quality with betaine

In a recent study published in Poultry Science, researchers tried to answer the above question by comparing broiler growth performance and meat quality with the 2 forms of betaine: anhydrous betaine and hydrochloride betaine.

Consumer expectations

With the increasing consumption of chicken meat, intensive farming methods have been introduced into broiler production to improve productivity. However, this intensive production may have negative effects on broilers, such as poor welfare and reduced meat quality.

The corresponding contradiction is that improving living standards means that consumers expect better tasting and better quality meat products. Therefore, a variety of nutritional strategies have been tried to improve the meat quality of broilers in which betaine has received considerable attention due to its nutritional and physiological functions.

Anhydrous vs. hydrochloride

Common sources of betaine are sugar beets and their by-products, such as molasses. Nevertheless, betaine is also available as a feed additive with the most popular forms of feed-grade betaine being anhydrous betaine and hydrochloride betaine.

Generally, betaine, as a methyl donor, plays an important role in regulating the osmotic balance, nutrient metabolism and antioxidant capacity of broilers. Due to different molecular structures, anhydrous betaine shows greater solubility in water compared with hydrochloride betaine, thereby increasing its osmotic capacity. Conversely, hydrochloride betaine induces a pH decline in the stomach, thereby potentially affecting nutrient uptake in a mode different from anhydrous betaine.

The diets

This study set out to investigate the effect of 2 forms of betaine (anhydrous betaine and hydrochloride betaine) on the growth performance, meat quality and antioxidant capacity of broilers. A total of 400 newly-hatched male broiler chicks were randomly divided into 5 groups and fed 5 diets during a 52-day feeding trial.

The 2 betaine sources were formulated to be equimolar. The diets were as follows.

• Control: Broilers in the control group were fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet
• Anhydrous betaine diet: Basal diet supplemented with 2 concentration levels of 500 and 1,000 mg/kg anhydrous betaine
• Hydrochloride betaine diet: Basal diet supplemented with 2 concentration levels of 642.23 and 1284.46 mg/kg hydrochloride betaine.

Growth performance and meat yield

In this study, the diet supplemented with high dose anhydrous betaine significantly improved weight gain, feed intake, decreased the FCR and increased the breast and thigh muscle yield when compared to both the control and the hydrochloride betaine groups. The increase in growth performance was also associated with increases in protein deposition observed in breast muscle: High-dose anhydrous betaine significantly increased (by 4.7%) crude protein content in breast muscle while the high-dose hydrochloride betaine numerically increased breast muscle crude protein content (by 3.9%).

It was suggested that this effect may be because betaine can take part in the methionine cycle to spare methionine by acting as a methyl donor, thus more methionine can be used for muscle protein synthesis. The same attribution was also given to betaine’s role in regulating myogenic gene expression and the insulin-like growth factor-1 signalling pathway that favours an increase in muscle protein deposition.

In addition, it was highlighted that the anhydrous betaine tastes sweet, while hydrochloride betaine tastes bitter, which may affect the feed palatability and feed intake of broilers. Moreover, the process of nutrient digestion and absorption is dependent on an intact gut epithelium, so the osmotic capacity of betaine may positively affect digestibility. Anhydrous betaine shows better osmotic capacity than hydrochloride betaine due to its higher solubility. Therefore, broilers fed with anhydrous betaine may have better digestibility than those fed hydrochloride betaine.

Meat quality

In addition to sensory attributes (colour, juiciness and flavour), the quality of meat is reflected in its physico-chemical parameters, such as water holding capacity, texture, nutrient composition, and oxidative status.

Increased water retention of muscle tissue may be attributed to the osmotic capacity of betaine. As an important organic osmolyte, betaine can protect the cell against dehydration and increase water retention to maintain water balance. Anhydrous betaine shows greater solubility in water than hydrochloride betaine, thereby increasing its osmotic capacity. This might be the reason why in this study broilers fed anhydrous betaine had lower drip loss in breast muscle than those fed hydrochloride betaine.

Muscle post-mortem anaerobic glycolysis and antioxidant capacity are 2 important indicators of meat quality. After bleeding, the cessation of oxygen supply changes muscular metabolism. Then anaerobic glycolysis inevitably occurs and drives lactic acid accumulation.

In this study, a diet supplemented with high-dose anhydrous betaine significantly decreased lactate content in breast muscle. Lactic acid accumulation is the main reason for the muscle pH decrease after slaughter. The higher breast muscle pH with high-dose betaine supplementation in this study suggested that betaine could affect muscle post-mortem glycolysis to mitigate lactate accumulation and protein denaturation, which in turn decreases the drip loss.

Meat oxidation, especially lipid peroxidation, is an important reason for meat quality deterioration which reduces nutritive value while causing texture problems. In this study a diet supplemented with high-dose betaine significantly decreased the content of MDA in breast and thigh muscles, indicating that betaine could alleviate oxidative damage.

The mRNA expressions of antioxidant genes (Nrf2 and HO-1) were more upregulated in the anhydrous betaine group than with the hydrochloride betaine diet, corresponding to a greater improvement in muscle antioxidant capacity.

Recommended dosage

From this study, the researchers concluded that anhydrous betaine shows better effects than hydrochloride betaine in improving growth performance and breast muscle yield in broiler chickens. Anhydrous betaine (1,000 mg/kg) or equimolar hydrochloride betaine supplementation could also improve the meat quality of broilers by reducing lactate content to increase muscle ultimate pH, influencing meat water distribution to decrease drip loss, and enhancing muscle antioxidant capacity. Considering both growth performance and meat quality, 1,000 mg/kg anhydrous betaine was recommended for broilers.